Volcanoes, natural disasters, storms, wild fires, storms, plagues, and extreme weather have all occurred at some point in history. These occurrences are part of a larger ‘dangers hood' that people have learned to handle and deal with. A natural disaster might be a major incident caused by Earth's natural processes those results in extensive environmental destruction and loss of life. Floods, storms, tsunamis, and earthquakes are just a few examples. Throughout its 4.54 billion-year history, the Earth has seen several natural calamities (Byju, 2021). On the other hand, Tourism is a vital industry that contributes to the overall growth of the economy. It contributes to the development of the economy by developing infrastructure and providing services. As acknowledged by customers, it encourages them to invest in secondary sectors (Lee, 2018). Natural disasters play a significant role in changing natural landscapes for the better or the worst. The effects of such disasters on India's tourism will be critically examined in this study. According to Beattie (1992), Major catastrophes are an unavoidable component of nature's function; hence they will always be there for humans, according to (Beattie, 1992). To achieve a balance between people and the environment on the outside. The travel industry makes a considerable contribution to the economy and has been a source of income for many people for decades, but tourism is harmed when there are interruptions, whether they are natural or man-made. When tourists and natural calamities collide, things go wrong, affecting the smooth functioning of particle life.

1.2 Background

According to World Travel and Tourism Council reports, the tourism business is one of the world's fastest-growing industries, accounting for 10% of global GDP (Susanto, 2019). The tourism sector plays an important part in the country's economy, and it is regarded as one of the top industries for boosting India's economic growth (Karan and Subbiah, 2010). With the limits put on public gatherings and the global recession caused by the pandemic, the Indian tourism industry has collapsed, resulting in a serious economic crisis in the country (Kaushal and Srivastava, (2021). India is a vast tourist market that offers a wide range of interests. India's tourism business was worth 234 billion dollars in 2017, 492 billion dollars in 2018, and 500 billion dollars in 2022. (IBEF, 2021). It is, however, the world's 14th most vulnerable country owing to harsh weather conditions (Parida and Goel, 2020). In natural calamities, the most recent of which is Covid-19, have the power to affect the tourism business by halting all forms of economic activities, foreign flights, and general mobility. According to the World Bank, The Indian GDP would decrease by 3.2 percent in 2020–21. The Corona Pandemic has devastated Goa's tourist-dependent economy, causing a devastating loss of between 273 and 985 million dollars. In addition, the state had a massive job loss ranging from 35% to 58 percent. (Guo, 2017). COVID-19 has a negative impact on Economic growth in two ways: externally, it includes relatively weak domestic production, equipment breakdowns, relatively low equity markets, portfolio, and global economic fluctuations. Domestically, the second channel consists of lower taxes, factory closures, and trade sanctions (Joshi et al, 2020).

Natural disasters have an impact on people's lives not only economically, but also socially and mentally. Because India has such a vast population and a significant number of individuals living in developing countries, social consequences are more severe. After any natural disaster, stress, worry, and trauma have been observed and reported among Indians. These people are deprived and desperate. According to the United Nations, India is a developing country with a large population struggling to make ends meet (Patankar, 2019). Domestic violence, such as mental, spiritual, and molestation has increased as a result of lockdown and social isolation measures to limit viral transmission during the most recent pandemic wave. The focus on shutting down makes vulnerable people more prone to aggression and makes it more difficult for them to seek help (Kumar et al, 2020). Whereas Buheji et al. (2020) argued that Domestic employment in India is classified as an unregulated and formally compensated job. The majority of home workers no longer have a contract with their employers. As a result, they are at the mercy of their employer, who may choose to pay or not to pay them at some point during their unpaid absence. Due to the lockout, the majority of home help have lost their jobs, leaving them without a source of income to meet their basic needs.

Tourism has grown tremendously during the last few decades on a global scale. ASEAN countries, including India, have been working to strengthen the tourist supply chain by increasing their efficiency. India, because has had numerous natural disasters in recent years. Natural calamities have claimed the lives of 27000 people in India during the last decade (Statista, 2020). In the last two decades, there have been 321 natural disasters. Eighty thousand individuals have died, and about one billion individuals have been affected, either directly or indirectly (India-Today, 2020). The Kashmir floods of 2014, the Uttarakhand flash floods of 2013, the Bihar floods of 2007, the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004, and the earthquake in Gujrat in 2001 are all noteworthy disasters. Massive rainstorms were to blame for the majority of them. Such disruptions are inconvenient for the country's tourism industry, causing people to reconsider whether to visit or not. Natural disasters have struck major Indian tourist destinations on occasion, causing a considerable drop in tourism and a halt to tourism-related revenue. For example, the Kerala floods of 2018 wreaked havoc on India's tourism economy (Azzali, 2021). International visitors, unlike cultural tourism, are harmed by natural disasters (Barbhuyiya & Chatterjee, 2020). In June 2020, Cyclone Nisarga slammed India's western coast, reported by (Times of India, 2020). This storm caused chaos in India's major coastal tourist destinations, including Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala.

Carr (1932) claims that not every windstorm, earthquake, or flood is a disaster. The disaster is defined by the breakdown of cultural safeguards. Human communities, according to this viewpoint, adapt to the local environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, wind direction, precipitation, volcanic eruptions). Regrettably, they are unable to anticipate.

1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Research

This study strives to determine how external factors influence the expansion of a specific arena, particularly in south Indian countries. The study helps in analyzing the condition in the tourism industry. Following are the objectives to conduct this research:

· To explore the economic impact of natural disasters on the tourism industry of India.

· To explore the social impact of natural disasters on the tourism industry of India.

· To understand how the tourism industry affects the growth of the economy.

1.4 Research Questions

Following are the research questions aimed to answer the study:

Ø How do natural disasters economically affect the tourism industry of India?

Ø How do natural disasters socially affect the tourism industry of India?

Ø How tourism industry affects the growth of the economy?

1.5 Significance of the study

This study has great significance since it shed light on the economic and social effects of natural catastrophes on India's tourism industry. This research would help especially the people of India, researchers, and students as well. The study also scrutinizes that how the tourism industry affects the growth of the economy.

1.6 Organization of the study

Introduction, literature review, methods, discussion, findings, and conclusion are all included in this study. Previous studies are addressed in the introduction, followed by explanations of the current study objectives and research issues. The literature section of the study looks at the flaws, strengths, and findings of past research. Moving forward, the study would generate constructive debate while also boosting awareness. The research technique will be described in a future study.

CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview

A large number of studies were conducted on the impact of natural disasters on the tourism industry of Kerala, India. This chapter would provide the existing literature on natural disasters and the tourism industry. On every objective, we have selected approximately 6 to 7 articles. This study strives to determine how external factors influence the expansion of a specific arena, particularly in south Indian countries. About five to six articles have been cited to every Objective and culminate the weakness, strengths; research methodology, and findings of each article would be discussed. At the end concluding remarks would provide an analysis of the chapter and discussion.

2.2 Objective:1 to explore the economic impact of natural disasters on the tourism industry of India

Natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, inflation, tsunamis, etc. have been causing a disastrous impact on people’s lives. Kirchberger, (2017) reported an increase in global damage in the last 20 years as a result of climate change and also reported higher death ratios for low-income countries. Natural disasters are beyond human’s control and are inescapable, which often results in huge life losses along with economic, social, and physical damage. Tourist destinations that attract tourists are mostly ocean areas, mountain regions with eye-catching scenery, and historical places. Such tourist destinations are often susceptible to natural disasters which affect tourism badly (Murphy and Bayley, 1989). Natural disasters also provoke some psychological risks among tourists about a specific area. Natural disasters develop a sense of fear among the people and also in such moments they find no way of escape. For example, tourists are often reluctant to travel to those tourist sites that are highly affected by earthquakes or floods now and then, these psychological impacts often become the main reason for the decline of tourism (Henderson, J.C., 2004).

The standard of surroundings, both natural and artificial is crucial to tourism. However, the connection of tourism with the surrounding is complex. Tourism involves many factors like the structure of the surrounding, roads, buildings, and outfit views that attract the people and these factors are connected with the manufacturing of general infrastructure (Barbhuiya et. al, 2020). Estevao and Costa (2020) examined that natural disaster is a phenomenon in which it concludes the impact on tourism weather progress is positive or negative. In addition, a natural disaster has created a wide range of destruction in the globe on the tourism industry. Moreover, a natural disaster has given rise to almost billions of dollars in economic losses on the tourism sectors in the globe since the 1990s. Kim (2015) analyzed the economic effect and raised views about a natural disaster that tourism industry generates the best part of the economy and boosts up the values, up-gradation of levels and minimizes the illiteracy ratio of local people.

Natural disasters always occurred in various forms, like earthquakes, floods, heatwaves. It was acknowledged that the frequency of weather changes always brought major changes in the tourism sector. Other research also examined that a mixture of climate change has occurred due to the high intensity of industries and urbanization and this factor has increased the occurrence of natural disasters. Kumar (2015) examined that major natural disaster in India has occurred and lasted major impact on tourism like the earthquake in Gujrat 2001, Bihar floods in 2007. These were all affected due to a huge amount of rainfalls. Disasters and other various crisis factors can emerge and minimize the number of visitors to the striking areas. For example, the Uttarkhand flash floods in 2013 have destroyed the many tourist places in India and revealed the long-lasting impact on the tourist industry of India. Although Uttarkhand is not counted visiting place for international visitors most likely it is visited by the local people of India.

In 2007, 22.2 million domestic people have visited Uttar hand. When this place was stroked then the number of visitors decreased up to 20 million. However, Poddar (2015) explored that the tourism sector produced a huge number of jobs per million rupees of outlay comparing to other sectors of the Indian economy that was created (Tenth five years Plan 2002-2007) by the Indian government. The proof purposes that an important role is played for tourism in reaching the country’s socio-economic objectives.

Many tourist destinations in India have witnessed natural disasters like floods, cyclones, earthquakes, and tsunami. Hall et. al, (2017) reported that during 2005-14, India is ranked third in terms of economic losses (i.e. 167 billion dollars) and ranked fourth worldwide in terms of happening of a total number of natural disasters (i.e. 147). In the past two decades, India has seen some intense types of natural disasters years after years. Some of the most frequent disasters occurred in India are floods, earthquakes, cyclones, heat waves, and droughts. (Atlas Magazine, 2020) reported that India is ranked second in the lists of countries that are affected heavily by floods annually after China. The Eastern part of the country is mainly affected by moon soon rains which often leads to disastrous consequences caused by the overflow of the Brahmaputra river. In the last 20 years, the most disastrous flood that is reported in India was flash floods in Uttarakhand in 2013 (Kotal et. al, 2014). Different media reports suggest that there were more than 5500 people that lost their lives, around 4500 people suffered injuries and more than 270,000 people became homeless because of these floods. Kerala floods 2018 also caused more than 500 casualties and around 223,000 people were left homeless (Mishra et al., 2018). India also suffers huge economic losses because of these floods that occur mainly in the moon soon season in different states.

Out of all these natural disasters happening around the world; the most severe, deadliest, and unpreventable catastrophic failures are caused by earthquakes (Becken and Hughey, 2013). (Atlas Magazine, 2020) reported that nearly 60% of the Indian Territory is classified as a seismic risk zone with moderate to high-level risk. This shows that earthquake probability is high in India. One of the deadliest earthquakes occurred in India on 26^th January 2001 in Gujarat causing more than 20,000 deaths with almost 167,000 injuries. 1,790,000 people were left homeless because of this devastating earthquake. Its magnitude on the Ritcher scale was recorded around 7.6-7.9 and it lasted for almost 2 minutes, because of this unfortunate disaster around 400,000 people in Gujarat became homeless.

2.3 Objective 2: To explore the social impact of natural disasters on the tourism industry of India

A natural disaster has severe impacts not only economically but also affects the social life of the common man thoughtfully. Social impact measures how natural disasters influence members of society and in addition to dealing with fatality and property destruction. It's about running straight with human beings (Aalst, 2006). He added, New Orleans has left 20% of its community because of the cyclone. These people have lost their property and walked away. It has left a long-lasting effect on the town. Akbar and Aldrich (2015) examined the fact that the economic cost of the social impact of natural disasters expressed that Australia is experiencing severe weather events such as hurricanes, drug usage, mental health, floods and earthquakes, and short-term unemployment has increased. The report explored the fact that in Victoria the approximated social costs relating to the black Saturday Wildfire were greater than monetary costs minimum of 3.1 billion dollars in direct financial impacts and 3.9 billion dollars in social impacts. The report also found that due to the 2009 Black Saturday wildfires, it is estimated lifetime expenditure included mental health issues of almost 1068 billion dollars, family violence 985 million dollars, and environmental damage 411 million dollars(Aldrich, 2012). Birkmann (2006) found that Natural disasters can be relatively repeated, although small and temporary and it affects social trust.

The Indian subcontinent is also affected by tsunamis, cyclones, and storms because of its location in intertropical convergence zones. The Indian coastline is stretched over 8000 kilometers and it contains about 10% of the world’s tropical zone. The most east coast of India is struck by cyclones and tsunamis that are emerged over the Bay of Bengal. Recently, the coastal areas of both Bangladesh and India were hit by Cyclone Amphanin in May 2020. This cyclone was proved to be devastating as it killed nearly 100 people and around 500,000 people became homeless (Atlas Magzine, 2020).

Natural attractions (i.e. hill stations and beaches) and man-made attractions (i.e. historical places and monuments) are major tourist sites for both local and foreign tourists. In India, Kerala state attracts most of the tourists due to the presence of 19 beaches and 134 hill stations. Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu are also famous for their natural attractions. Tamil Nadu also leads in terms of monumental attractions that are of national importance followed by some other states like Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. Domestic tourists in India are highly attracted to Tamil Nadu, while Maharashtra attracts a huge number of foreign tourists. The arrival of foreign tourists accounts for the betterment of the tourism industry and also it contributes highly to the country’s GDP. So probability or occurrence of natural disasters in such states or areas may lead to lower tourist arrivals within the country or state and will have a negative impact on tourism(Peters &Pikkemaat, 2006). Tourists mainly travel to different countries to find natural beauty and peace or to enjoy their leisure time. Genc,(2018) assumed that the existence or probability of natural disasters might force the tourists to choose an alternate place or country that is safe from such emergencies. These natural disasters not only create doubts in the mind of the tourists but also negatively affect the economic revenue. Lower tourist arrival in any country leads to lower revenue generation and contribution to the national GDP will be much lower.

2.3.1 The effects are minimal. Social trust was found

Significant reductions occur when a catastrophe causes nine or more deaths. Akbar and Aldrich (2015) examined that diverse cases of natural disasters like, Cyclone Katrina in 2005, the Kobe earthquake in 1995, the Japan earthquake and Tsunami in 2011, floods in Europe, and wildfires in Russia and Greece that resulted to what extent natural disasters impact social capital and political trust among person to person. Wisner et al. 2004 argued that technology and human failure caused some disasters that were related to clearly with natural hazards. In India, social effects are higher because India has a gigantic populace with an enormous number of individuals dwelling in casual settlements. Stress, uneasiness, and injury have been noticed and recorded in Indians after any normal cataclysmKar, 2010). These individuals are in poor and desperate conditions. India is one of the non-industrial nations with an enormous populace battling to make the two closures meet as expressed by(Henderson, 2007). Bagri and Kala (2016) India is among the most catastrophe inclined nations of the world with 27 out of 29 states presented to repetitive cataclysmic events. Hazard minimization methodologies are the moves that are made to forestall or lessen the danger of life or property. Moreover, It can likewise be to protect and limit the danger to social and monetary exercises and common assets. These methodologies ought to gain by prompt and close term achievement. These methodologies ought to be practical and ought to be perceived and profiles in like manner. Catalog –Sinha (2008) India should zero in on reinforcing the limit of calamity the board administration arrangement of the state to handle the post-catastrophe circumstance all the more expertly and in bigger limit. UNICEF proposes that the danger educated programming plans and techniques in the type of instruction and pieces of training. Outstanding amongst another fiasco the executives systems is to assemble catastrophe tough safe houses for the individuals who are experiencing such conditions.

2.4 Objective 3: To understand how the tourism industry affects the growth of the economy

UNWTO (2016) revealed the report and found that tourists are traveling almost one billion to an international destination every year. Moreover, it contributes almost 10% of GDP and 6% of the world’s total exports. Brida (2008) found that tourism is a major industry of global trade in services. In addition, the author told that investing in tourism enlarged outstandingly in 2015 and ultimately it stimulated economic growth, pushing the exports and creating jobs. Vaz et. al (2010) found that global visitors advent enlarged by 4.4% in 2015 to get a sum of 1184 million in 2015. In addition, the author examined that global tourism indicates 30% of service exports and 7% of total world exports.

Moreover, in the above research, it is explored that tourism has boosted up the growth of the economy at a wide range and reveals the positive factor on the social behavior. Some authors claimed that tourism is the key factor for economic growth however, some authors explored that tourism is not a crucial factor to increase economic growth it has many factors to impact adversely on the economic growth. (Vanhove, 2005).In the literature, Paramati et al., 2016 found that the different outcomes have been obtained while studying the negative impacts of tourism on economic growth. Authors have not examined the deep convection but, they explored that tourism has minimized the industrialization in some countries, while they only utilizing their efforts to upgrade the tourism sectors.

Natural disasters may cause a lot of damage to public properties and create a sense of fear in both the residents and the tourists but these natural disasters are not easy to escape. Disaster or risk management is required by the country or state to prevent the heavy loss of lives and property. A country or a state cannot stop natural disasters to occur but timely protective measures may reduce the damage. Natural disasters may harm the tourist sites and the residents but it is the responsibility of the state to recover all the damages caused by the disaster and re-open the tourist sites as soon as possible because tourism generates a lot of revenue and such sites should not be closed for the tourists at any cost.

Solarin (2014) found that the emission of carbon and greenhouse gases has devasted the economic growth and for this reason, many countries have faced huge losses and many countries try to overcome this problem because tourism has become the key source of their economy. Similarly, Cerovivc et. al (2015) has given the same fact that tourism sectors are the key source for developing countries to enhance and increase the generation of employment and earnings like Korea has increased their growth and development rapidly because of boosting the tourism sector. As per Statista report 2021, the travel industry area added around 247 billion U.S dollars to the GDP of India in 2018. India is positioned as the top country among worldwide rivalries in the travel industry. The report likewise gave the way that India has spent right around 186 billion dollars than any time in recent memory on public travel. According to India is the third excessive after china and India's travel and tourism in which GDP share enlarged by 4.9%. Furthermore, the report also found that connecting 2014-2019, India saw a powerful growth in the jobs ratio (6.36 million), came after by China 5.47 million and the Philippines 2.53 Million (Sanjeev et. al, 2019). Ohlan (2017) examined the connection between the economic growth and tourism between 1960 and 2014 in India and found that foreign visitors are crucial for the increasing economic growth of India. Danish & Wong (2019 found that between 1995 and 2014 the impact of tourism sectors on economic growth in India and disclosed the report that the Indian economy increased by 0.1594% by increasing the 1% of the tourism reception.

2.5 Objective 4: To identify the particular places in Kerala and find out the reason for the environmental disaster:

Manoj (2010) identified that Kerala has diverse natural resources, many wildlife hiding places, and public parks. Kerala's crucial ecological resources are 14 wildlife hiding places, 6 public parks, many natural mountains, freshwater reservoirs, mangroves, and more. Fifty-six locations have been identified in Kerala as the environment highlights destination, environmental strategies, schooling, and specific social well-being. . The famous destination is the district of Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala. Similarly, Bhardwaj et. al (1998) has stated that Kerala is one of the most famous environments. Kerala's ecosystem directs to shed light on local culture. In many cases, foreign visitors select eco-friendly places for visiting as Kerala is famous for its natural beauty and scenic beauty. With pilgrims, backwaters, and village tourism, eco-tourism is taking the field to new levels of development with time. In the same way,

(Chatak, 2007)explored that the crucial products of the ecosystem are widely organized as beaches, backwaters, mountain stations, wildlife hiding places, etc. In Kerala, over the Western Ghats areas, they are unrolled extensively. Kerala has a record forest area of 11112559 sq. km. The crucial kinds of ecosystems in Kerala are aquatic ecosystems, wetlands, mangroves, and forests. According to an economic review (2006) official, Kerala has 41 rivers flowing west and 3 rivers flowing east. Unlike numerous other cities in India, Kerala is known as famous for evergreen forests. It contains more than 25% of India's 15,000 species of plants, most of which grow in the Western Ghats. On the other side of the objective, the main reason for the environmental disaster took place due to human intervention and natural disasters in the environment. Mathew (2018) examined the inhumane treatment of environmental misuse which led to Climate change and ecological degradation in Wayanad and the Western Ghats. Kerala was hit with extremely heavy rain from June 1, 2018, to August 19, 2018. As a result, it became severe floods in 13 of the state's 14 districts. According to the Indian Meteorological Department, from June 1, 2018, to August 19, 2018, Kerala (IMD) received 2346.6 mm of rainfall and this was expected 1649.5 mm of rain. The rainfall was almost 42% higher than normal. Moreover, Kerala received 15%, 18%, and 164% of rainfall during June, July, and August respectively. Thimm (2017) has found that the basic premise is that the Western Ghats ecosystem has been subjected to sabotage due to its negative effects of human exploitation. There is political influence and collective interests that seriously quicken the level of environmental degradation. Summer temperatures, deforestation, and unscientific constructions have increased in the southern peninsula of India. The concrete surfaces of roads and buildings cover the vegetation landscape and increasing solar reflection in rural and urban areas.

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Overview

This chapter is about the methodology on the topic, the impacts of natural disasters on the tourism industry. The methodology is a procedure to get information about the research topic (Goddard, 2017). A natural disaster is a sudden event accruing in nature like a tornado, hurricane, and flood that causes many deaths and destruction in any field of nature (Merriam-Webster, 2021), and according to this, economic impacts of disasters is the destruction of economic of that region. The methodology is how the analyst collects data, which techniques use, how to analyze, and which sources use for the research. This study is related to methodology in which the researcher has used the onion framework for the research on the impact of natural disasters on the tourism industry due to a lot number of advantages of the onion model given by Saunder in 2016. The onion model is a model which deals with the study of methodology and has several advantages. The research onion provides a depth description of the stages and main layers which are to be accomplished to form an effective methodology (Raithatha, 2017). It is used for the convenience of the analyst Saunders et al. (2007). The onion frame has five layers that interface with each other toward the center of layers.

3.2 Research philosophy

The Research philosophy is the first layer of the onion model which forms the basis of research by delineation the nature reality, source of knowledge; ethics, social facts, and assumptions (Melnikovas, 2018). There are two types of research philosophies, positivism, and interpretivism. The analyst has used positivism in this research. Positivism is based on quantitative data in which scientific laws, surveys, structured questionnaires, social facts, and direct physical social behavior are considered (Thompson, 2015). In the case of interpretivism, it is based on qualitative data as, data derived from the unstructured interviews, participants’ observations, and empathetic understanding (Thompson, 2015). The analyst has used the positivism approach due to the given advantages:

· Use more accurate quantitative data.

· A large number of quantitative techniques as correlation, to find results easily.

· It relies on the scientific laws which are precisely given by the scientists.

· It is structured to analyze and find the results.

· Strong process of making a hypothesis, testing, and codifying this hypothesis.

In the case of interpretivism, it depends on the qualitative approach which is based on unstructured data. The scholars have to go in-depth for the accurate result which is difficult and time wastage for the researcher (Johnson, 2014).

3.3 Research approach

After the research philosophy, this layer suggests the researcher pick appropriate research. The research approach as a second layer has further two approaches, deductive and inductive approach (Melnikovas, 2018). Here, the analyst has used the deductive approach due to the reason that this approach has a large number of advantages given below (Johnson-Laird, 2020):

· A large number of Sources

· possibility to generalize the topic

· easy measuring the concepts quantitatively, and the relationship between concepts and variable

· motivated for the researcher and respondents

· attentive for the researcher and respondents

A deductive approach based on the quantitative data uses specific researches and starts research from specific hypothesis development based on the literature review, and then tests this hypothesis for a specific context. The deductive approach moves from specific to broad generalization, and vice versa in the case of interpretivism. Interpretivism relies on qualitative data, and the researchers start the research from observation and use these observations to make a new theory. The inductive approach has no theory to test, relying on the observations not proven already and having a scarcity of sources (Krogh et al, 2021).

3.4 Research methods

Research methods comprise both qualitative and quantitative methods (Bryman,2016). This study is based on primary quantitative data like conducting surveys from tourists. The quantitative approach deals with the numbers and samples to collect, analyze data by conducting surveys. On the other hand, the qualitative methods deal with conducting interviews, studying literature review, and summarize that data in simple words to find the qualitative results (Färm, 2021). In this study, the author has used the quantitative approach because of the nature of the study and it is easy to apply the quantitative method to get accurate findings and reliable findings. The researchers mostly use the quantitative approach due to a large number of advantages. (Savela,2018). The researcher of this study has used this approach due to the advantages of this approach as given:

· This approach allows approaching a higher sample size

· Easily and quickly information collection.

· Allows to use randomized samples

· Results duplication is possible in the quantitative approach

· No needs to go in-depth, a simple survey and theories are enough to get results

· Allows to use several techniques to graph and find the result like, correlation

3.5 Data collection method

Data collection is the fourth layer of the onion model and this layer explains the data source and is the study of the way of data collection like how data will be collected. There are two types of data collection like primary and secondary approaches. The researcher has used primary data like conducting the online survey (questionnaire) through Google meet from the tourists. A 5 Points Likert questionnaire was utilized to obtain answers from survey respondents in this research. As primary data is generally more reliable and genuine for formulating objectives of the study (Sedgwick, 2014), the biasedness of study findings may be minimized in this method.

3.6 Sampling technique and size

Sampling size is the final layer of the onion model. The sample is a representative segment from a large population (Melnikovas, 2018). The author has collected data from 105 respondents. It is difficult for a researcher to conduct interviews with everyone in the region. This study was based on an online survey through Google meet. There are two types of sampling, probability, and non-probability. The researcher has preferred non-probability sampling due to the easy process of collecting and finalizes the results. Non-probability sampling is the selection of non-random samples from a large population and probability is the reverse process of sampling in which samples are selected randomly. The researcher has used non-probability sampling due to some advantages like it is an easy way to select the respondents for the survey (Vehovar et al., 2016).

3.7 Ethical consideration

Ethical consideration is the collection of moral values and principles which decide what is good and what is bad for the research (Mazigo, 2015). Ethical consideration is one of the most important parts of research. In this study, the researcher has worked under ethical values like, the author has not stolen the ideas and text of other researchers' work. Moreover, the researcher has followed the Data Protection Act,2018 (Spencer and Patel,2019)

3.8 Conclusion

The researcher has used the onion framework for a methodology to achieve the research. The researcher has to conduct the survey and interviews with the tourists; therefore, the researcher has used quantitative approaches like deductive, positivism, non-probability, and primary source, in the five layers of the onion model.

CHAPTER 04: DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Overview

This chapter will present the research analysis of our research study based on various respondents' responses to different questions. An online survey study is utilized in which respondents were asked various questions related to the impact of natural disasters on the tourism industry of India. This study is area-specific, and we have focused on the impact of natural disasters on tourism in Kerala, India. A total of 105 respondents took part in the given study, and their response is represented in the form of graphs which are based on the LIKERT 5 scale. These graphs are representative of various questions related to the demographic, economic, and social impact of the natural disasters, which different respondents were asked. The respondents' responses were collected, plotted in the form of a graph, and then the respondents' overall perception will be discussed in the discussion part of this chapter.

The above graph has collected a bunch of evidence on the occurrence ratio of several natural disasters in Kerala in the last decade. A questionnaire survey has been conducted, and 99 respondents were approached to identify the occurrence level of different natural disasters in Kerala(India). It has been identified that floods were proved to be one of the significant natural disasters that are affecting Kerala more frequently. Looking up at the consequences of this questionnaire survey, 84 respondents think that the occurrence ratio of floods is significant and enormous. On the contrary, seven respondents think that Earthquake is a natural disaster that is affecting different environmental aspects in Kerala hugely. In spite of this, three respondents are of the view that Drought is the more frequent natural disaster incurred in Kerala.

This graph is justifying the level of the negative influence of natural disasters on the national GDP of India. A questionnaire survey has been conducted to check out the influence of natural disasters on the economy of the country, and 99 respondents were approached during the survey. Based on the findings of the questionnaire survey, 34 out of the total respondents have strongly agreed to the perception that natural disasters tend to affect the economy of the country in a negative manner. Moreover, this perception is supported by 43 more respondents who are also carrying the same perception and think that natural disasters are more likely to have a negative influence on a country's economy.

This graph is presenting a view about the level of insecurities created by frequently occurring natural disasters and the ratio of resident's migration generated by these natural disasters. To find out the impact, 99 Respondents have been approached utilizing a questionnaire survey which specifies that 18 of the respondents are strongly agreed with the perception that natural disasters are more likely to boost up migration ratio of the residents who chooses to migrate to safer places for avoiding the disruptions caused by natural disasters. These respondents were further supported by 44 more respondents who also have the same perceiving. Moreover, 22 of the respondents are showing neutral views and are insured about the level of insecurities and migration flow caused by natural disasters. On the contrary, 1 respondent is disagreeing with this terminology and perceives that natural disasters are creating any insecurity and don't have any impact on the diversity ratio.

This graph has explored evidence on the level of negativity caused by natural disasters regarding the individuals who have a direct or indirect business association with the tourism industry. An online questionnaire survey has been conducted, and 99 respondents have been taken into consideration to check out the negative influence of natural disasters on business persons associated with the tourism industry. Based on the findings, it has been identified that 29 of the respondents have strongly agreed to the perception that natural disasters tend to influence business individuals negatively. These respondents were further supported by 41 more respondents who have just agreed to this perspective. Additionally, 9 of the respondents are showing neutral views as they are not sure about the negativity caused by natural disasters to business persons. Despite this, 3 respondents have shown a strong disagreement with this view, backed by 2 more respondents who also think the same way.

The graph above has collected evidence on checking the impact of frequently occurring natural disasters on the ratio of tourist's arrival in India. Furthermore, the graph has evaluated the influence of these frequently occurring natural disasters on the overall revenue generation rate of the tourism sector. A questionnaire survey has been conducted, and 99 respondents have been approached to find out the consequences of natural disasters. based on the consequences of the questionnaire survey, it has been identified that 20 of the respondents have strongly agreed to the fact that is frequently occurring natural tend to have an enormous impact on the level of tourist ratio as well as the revenue levels of the tourism department. These respondents were then backed up by 54 more respondents who also have the same perceiving. During this questionnaire survey, 9 have remained neutral in exposing their views or that they are insured about the impact of natural disasters on the revenue levels as well as the tourist ratio. On the contrary, 8 of the respondents think that the impact of natural disasters on the tourism industry is insignificant or minor. Additionally, 1 out of the total respondent's count are also thinking the same way and have strongly disagreed to the perception that natural disaster has an adverse effect on the financial performance ratio of the tourism industry and on the behavioral intentions of individuals who might be approached to render tourism services.

Discussion: Demographic Impact

The graphs above are extending evidence on the impact of natural disasters on the tourism industry of India (Kerala). These graphs have purely focused on checking out how different economic factors were affected by natural disasters. Several questions have been raised, and a questionnaire survey has been conducted involving 99 respondents to identify and analyze how different economic aspects of the tourism industry were affected by natural disasters. The tourism industry is one of India's great sources of revenue, and its survival and growth matter the most for a developing country like India.

After approaching the respondents, it has been determined that Kerala has been mostly affected by Floods followed by earthquakes as the second most damaging natural disaster for the tourism industry of India (Kerala). Meanwhile, natural disasters have adversely impacted the economy of India, which can also be seen in the respondent's graph. Floods contributed to 50 percent of the overall tragedies impacting India, causing 60 percent of the property damages and 30 percent of the causalities documented as natural disasters (Barbhuiya et. al., 2020). This infers that natural disasters have badly impacted the different economic sectors of the Indian economy. Meanwhile, natural disasters have frequently increased insecurities in the mind of people. Thus, most of the people in such areas are migrating towards safer places. According to the survey, 40% of the respondents agree while 20% strongly agree with the statement. This can also be seen in the statement issued by Chatterjee et. al. (2020), the migration due to disasters and climate change has drastically increased in India in the last decade.

Natural disasters have caused severe damage to India's infrastructure. Out of 99 respondents who were approached have strongly agreed that natural disasters significantly influence India's infrastructure negatively. Krausmann et al. (2019) also view that, natural disaster poses damage to infrastructure elements like industrial operations and transport. The discharge of hazardous chemicals, explosions, and fires results in environmental degradation, economic losses, and health damage. Rahman and Rahman (2015) recognized that climate variability, natural disasters, and climate change significantly perish developmental operations.

Natural disasters also negatively impacted the business sector of India. The business sector that was affiliated with the tourism industry has badly been impacted by natural disasters. This can also be seen in the graph of respondents. According to Kumar (2020), the Covid-19 disaster badly impacted the tourism industry of India which faced a drastic decline of tourists from overseas in the year 2020 and tourism dropped by 66.4%. This indicates that natural disasters badly affect the tourism industry of any country. Furthermore, natural disasters limit access to resources in the tourism industry as they are uncertain circumstances. This study has loomed 99 respondents, where 78% of them view that access to resources is hugely affected by natural disasters. Perrucci et al. (2016) identified that people with Low social, economic status and older adult women who live in poverty often live in houses subjected to natural disasters. It has been founded that people who become homeless after a natural disaster are more of low social-economic status. Zorn (2018) specified that individuals with low economic status are subjected to limited resources. The most common one lacks access to housing from these resources as they face problems while getting housing loans. In addition, this survey has further suggested the challenges faced by India's tourism industry after facing natural disasters, which is neglected by this pool of respondents, 39% of which perceives that they were funded adequately.

This graph is focused on clarifying the significance of providing incentives to the individuals who were affected by natural disasters. The respondents were approached utilizing a questionnaire survey, and 99 respondents were approached to find out the level of impact created by government incentives. Findings of the survey concluded that 40 of the respondents have strongly agreed with the view that government must increase the percentage of incentives to individuals affected by natural disasters. This participant was further supported by 34 more who also have the same perceiving. It has been identified that 8 of the respondents have explored neutral views about this perspective. On the contrary,4 of the respondents have forecasted strong disagreement supported by 5 more who also think that government doesn't necessarily need to invest in incentives for the individuals affected by natural disasters.

The graph above has extended evidence utilizing a questionnaire survey approaching 99 participants to find out whether lack of insurance policies results in enormous losses by natural disasters. Findings suggest that 40 of the respondents are agreeing with this view and think that insurance policy lacking's are more likely to be subjected to huge losses as a result of natural disasters. These participants were additionally supported by 20 more who also perceive the same thoughts. Moreover, 18 of the respondents are not interested in exploring any views about this perspective. On the contrary, 7 respondents have shown disagreement with this view who were supported by 2 more contributing same views.

The above bar chart is a graphical display regarding access to resources that are affected due to natural disasters in tourist areas. The data was collected from 99 respondents. The result indicated that 14 respondents were strongly agreed, and 52 respondents were just agreed. These respondents say that the natural disaster affected the tourist area. And the 16 respondents were just neutral with the above statement. And the 3 respondents disagreed, and just 1 out of the total respondents list were strongly disagreed with the above statement. These respondents say that natural disasters do not affect tourist areas. The overall result o indicated that most respondents were agreed and strongly agreed that the natural disasters affected the tourist areas.

The above bar chart shows respondents' responses regarding natural disasters result in a lack of insurance policies in the tourism sector. Of all the respondents, 12% of respondents were strongly agreed, and 40 respondents were just agreed with the statement that natural disasters result in a lack of insurance policies in the tourism sector. 22 respondents were just neutral. These participants do not have enough knowledge regarding natural disasters result in a lack of insurance policies in the tourism sector. And 3 respondents of the survey study have disagreed, and 2 of the respondents were strongly disagreed with the above statement. The comprehensive result indicated that most respondents of the survey study were agreed and strongly agreed.

The above graph shows the natural disasters affecting the adult dependency ratio of the households. The result indicated that most respondents, 40 of the survey, agreed, and 12 respondents were agreed. These respondents say that the natural disasters affecting the adult's dependency ratio of household, the dependency ratio increase after disaster because people faced unemployment after disasters. And 22 respondents were just neutral with the statement they neither agreed nor disagreed. 8 respondents were disagreeing, and the remaining 3 respondents were strongly disagreed. These respondents say that natural disasters are not affecting the adult dependency ratio of households.

Discussion: Social Impact

The government of India should start initiative programs for the people that are being affected by natural disasters. The survey also strongly agreed with the statement about taking initiatives for the affected people. As stated by Pal and Shaw (2018), it is the basic responsibility of any democratic government to help its people to get out of economic losses that are being caused by any natural disaster. This indicates that the government of India should also help the people in Kerala or any other state by taking initiatives to take them out of financial losses. The survey also showed that lack of insurance policies also resulted in huge losses to people being affected by natural disasters. The majority of the respondents in the survey agreed with the above-mentioned statement. According to Sawada and Takasaki (2017), the lack of insurance policies from the government of India as well as different policies of insurance providers for high-risk areas also results in huge financial as well as social losses of the people both in terms of money and causalities. This infers that insurances policy also results in huge losses for the people of India being affected by natural disasters.

The graphs also depict that access to resources also becomes difficult for the government as well as industries. Access to resources becomes difficult because of the destruction and lack of good road structure that leads towards tourist places (Yadav and Barve, 2017). This indicates that natural disasters also result in the access of resources because of destruction as well as a cutoff of road structure. Meanwhile, the lack of insurance policies in such areas further increases the losses for people residing in such areas. This study has loomed 99 respondents, where 78% of them view that access to resources is hugely affected by natural disasters. Perrucci et al. (2016) identified that people with Low social, economic status and older adult women who live in poverty often live in houses subjected to natural disasters. It has been founded that people who become homeless after a natural disaster are more of low social-economic status. Zorn (2018) specified that individuals with low economic status are subjected to limited resources. The most common one lacks access to housing from these resources as they face problems while getting housing loans. In addition, this survey has further suggested the challenges faced by India's tourism industry after facing natural disasters, which is neglected by this pool of respondents, 39% of which perceives that they were funded adequately.

The above chart shows do the Indian government supported the tourism industry of India after natural disasters. The data was collected from 99 respondents. Out of all the respondents, 14% respondents were strongly agreed, and 30 respondents were strong. These respondents say that the Indian government supported the areas that were affected by natural disasters. And 30 respondents were neutral. They were neither agreed nor disagreed with the above statement. And 6 of the respondents have disagreed, and 4 respondents were those that were strongly disagreed. These respondents say that the Indian government did not support the areas that were affected by natural disasters. The overall result indicated that most of the respondents were agree and strongly agreed that the Indian government-supported tourism industry that was affected by natural disasters

This graph has certainly prioritized the level of problems and challenges faced by the tourism industry in attaining loans for the advancement of the tourism sector after natural disasters. Utilizing a questionnaire survey, and by approaching 99 respondents, it has been concluded that 39 out of the total respondents are agreeing with the fact that the Indian tourism industry is subjected to serious challenges in attaining loans to promote that particular industry. This perception is further strongly supported by 15 more respondents who are strongly agreed with this opinion. Besides this, 22 respondents have remained neutral in exploring their views on this perception and are not sure whether the tourism industry faces issues regarding the attainment of loans in case of natural disasters. In divergence, 3 respondents are showing disagreement with this opinion backed by 1 more respondent having the same perception.

This graph has prioritized the impact of natural disasters that causes land destruction as well as tourist sites. To find out the impact of natural disasters on tourist sites and land, this study has approached 99 participants through a questionnaire survey constructed by LIKERT 5-point scale. Findings conclude that 20 of the respondents have strongly agreed to the fact that natural disasters tend to cause enormous land destruction that certainly involves tourist sites. Moreover, this idea is backed by 45 more respondents who think natural disasters tend to cause huge destruction to land involving tourist sites. Despite this, 17 respondents out of the total are not interested in viewing their perceptions about this matter. In contrast, 3 respondents are have shown strong disagreement assisted by the same view of 1 more respondent.

The above graph has extended the flow of evidence on the influence of natural disasters on educational infrastructure and systems. A questionnaire has been conducted to conclude the consequences enforced by natural disasters on the education department, and for this, 99 respondents have been approached. Based on the findings of this questionnaire survey, it has been determined that 41 respondents are showcasing agreement with this view, which was further supported by 14 more respondents who have the same perception regarding this matter. Furthermore, 19 respondents have formulated neutral and are not sure about the consequences caused by this particular influence caused by natural disasters. Divergent to that, 8 respondents are disagreed, backed by 1 more respondent with strong disagreement.

This graph is concentrated on the impact of natural disasters on nutrition and health facilities that are influencing visitor's intention to visit such areas. A questionnaire has been conducted by approaching 99 participants. Findings of the survey concluded that 40 respondents are agreeing with the perception that natural disaster tends to a have an enormous impact on tourist's intentions. The participant was supported by 21 respondents who are strongly agreed with this perspective. Moreover, 17 respondents have been neutral in showcasing their perception of this matter. On the opposing side, 4 respondents are disagreeing with opinions assisted by 3 more respondents with strong disagreement.

Discussion: Economic Impact

The consequences of the survey have shown that most respondents perceive no support from the Indian government towards the tourism sector when a natural disaster is experienced. Out of 99 respondents, 40 of them strongly believed that the Indian government doesn't show any supportive character in natural disasters affecting the tourism sector, supported by majority of the respondents who think the same way strictly. Kumar (2017) clarified that the Indian government had taken strict measures to tackle emergency measures incurred after natural disasters. According to a 2017 [CRED] Report, Asia is part of the continent subjected to natural disasters regularly as approximately 44% of the worldwide disasters occur in Asia. For a developing country like India, it is almost next to impossible to tackle that level of occurrence of natural disasters (Chopra and Venkatesh, 2015). Meanwhile, developing countries like India might also face difficulties in getting loans from world forums. The survey also agreed with the fact that many international forums do not provide loans to naturally affected economies like India for the recovery of tourist places. According to Walch (2019), India is the region in Asia that is being known for the most disaster-prone area with 60 million INR annual loss however, the country is not powerful enough to recover most of its losses due to low loans as well as the corrupt environment. This indicates that country is getting way too few loans than its losses due to natural disasters.

The survey findings showed that most people agreed that natural disasters in Kerala like floods, tsunami, and earthquakes often cause huge land destruction. These land destructions include loss of shelter, educational buildings, road infrastructure. This view is also supported by Alexander (2018) in his book that natural disasters cause massive destruction of land, road infrastructure, and shelter of people. The survey findings showed that most people agreed that natural disasters in Kerala like floods, tsunami, and earthquakes often cause huge land destruction. These land destructions include loss of shelter, educational buildings, road infrastructure. This view is also supported by Alexander (2018) in his book that natural disasters cause massive destruction of land, road infrastructure, educational institutes, and shelter of people.

The survey findings also showed that natural disasters impact the arrival of the tourist in such tourist areas. The locals responded that due to natural disasters, the tourist's arrival in Kerala reduces highly. They responded that this is mainly due to the fear in the minds of tourists. 64% of the respondents think that the probability of natural disasters restricts some tourists from visiting such places. Peters and Pikkemaat (2006) also reported the same findings in their study that natural disasters in any tourist area restrict the tourist to travel to such places in the future as natural disasters are unexpected, and humans cannot control their consequences. The current study findings also showed that some tourists don't want to travel to tourist sites prone to natural disasters now and then because of their family concerns. Natural disasters create doubt in many tourist's minds, so they prefer to avoid such places and want to travel to those places that are risk-free because they don't want their families to suffer in case of any mishap or tragedy. Genc (2018) and Rossello et al. (2020) also reported similar tourist trends in their studies.

4.5 Conclusion

This chapter has provided a graphical representation of the respondent's perception of the impact of natural disasters on the tourism industry. An online questionnaire survey is utilized to collect the data from 99 respondents living in Kerala, India. The survey is divided into different parts like demographic, social, and economic impact of natural disasters for better understanding of different scenarios to the respondents. The respondents' responses have confirmed that natural disasters like floods, tsunami, and earthquakes often cause destruction of infrastructure, shelters of many people, and negative impact on tourism and cause economic instability. The respondents also confirmed that natural disasters also cause social disturbance among people and cause havoc in society. Many people suffer from traumatic disorders and distress due to natural disasters.

Chapter 5: Conclusion

Tourism plays a vital role in the economic growth and development of any country. In many countries of the world, tourism is considered an important industry that ultimately adds value to a country's GDP. Tourist sites in any country are a source of foreign income as many tourists arrive from different countries to visit such places. India is also blessed with a lot of natural beauty, and there are many tourist sites in India where a large number of foreign and local tourists visit annually. Tourism is highly affected by natural disasters like floods, cyclones, tsunami, earthquakes, etc. Kerala is a famous tourist destination in India, and many tourists visit various tourist sites in Kerala. In the past few years, many natural disasters took place in India. Kerala is also affected by natural disasters now and then; the most highlighted was the Kerala floods 2018, which cause mass destruction in various areas of Kerala, including loss of shelter, livestock, and lives of people. Natural disasters are inevitable, and humans have no control over this natural phenomenon. The research questions raised in this study are mainly directed towards a proper understanding of the research study. The research questions of this study mainly revolve around the point of how natural disasters impact the tourism industry of India both economically and socially? And how tourism contributes to the economic growth of a country?. This study is focused mainly on the impact of natural disasters on the tourism industry of India. This research aimed to investigate in detail the social and economic impact of natural disasters on tourism, specifically in Kerala, India. A detailed literature review was done for each objective of the research study. A critical evaluation of each objective was done to support some previous research findings related to the topic to make our research more effective.

This research study has utilized a research onion model strategy for in-depth analysis and a better understanding of the research study. The quantitative study is used mainly in this research study, and the findings of the current study are purely based on quantitative data. Positivism philosophy is used in this research, and a deductive research approach is primarily used because the source of information is quantitative. The sample size includes 105 respondents, non-probability convenience sampling was utilized here, and the information is mainly gathered through surveys. The author has followed all the ethical considerations during the collection of the data. Every possible effort was made to keep the research data highly reliable and valid.

This study has explored the economic impact of natural disasters and relates it with tourism given various respondents. The mode of data collection was primary sources, i.e., survey, so the objectives of the study were analyzed based on the respondent's response. The study findings reflected that most of the respondents highly agreed that natural disasters highly impact the economic conditions of both countries and the affected people. Natural disasters destroy infrastructure, roads, and businesses resulting in financial losses. It also lowers the arrival of the tourists to such tourist sites resulting in a reduction of the revenue generated as a result of local or foreign tourist arrival. Kerala has been affected mainly by floods, followed by the tsunami as the second most damaging natural disaster for the tourism industry of India (Kerala). Natural disasters boost income inequalities within the tourism department.

This study has also investigated the social impacts of natural disasters and tried to relate them with the tourism sector in the views of various local respondents. After surveying various people in the area, we have come to know that more than 80% of the respondents believed that natural disasters cause massive land destruction and destroy infrastructure, decreasing the beauty of tourist sites. The survey study also reflected that more than 65% of the people believe that these natural disasters result in a decrease in tourist activities as a result of fear in the minds of tourists and uncertainty of conditions. Natural disasters are unpredictable and are beyond the control of man. Still, these occurrences of these disasters in tourist places create doubt in the mind of tourists, and they often hesitate to visit that place and prefer to go to some other place. The survey findings also showed that most people think that the consequences of natural disasters result in havoc among the community and induce distress and traumatic disorders among people. The findings of this study also supported the previous literature findings, which shows the accuracy and reliability of the results.

5.1: Recommendations

Currently, the study's objectives were evaluated based on primary sources, i.e., surveys. Primary data collection is mainly used to highlight the social and economic impact of natural disasters on the tourism industry of India. The data were primarily gathered from a single tourist area i.e. Kerala, India, and the findings are reported as a generalized view of the overall population. Due to limited time resources, only one tourist area is covered in this study, so the sample size is also small. In the future, the data will be collected from different tourist areas in India to know the perception of different people related to the impact of natural disasters on tourism. It will increase the sample size of the research study and involve more people with different point of view about the research topic. That study will cover a broad area, and the findings of that study can be analyzed and generalized as the perception of the overall population of India. Such findings will be considered more reliable and valid because those findings will cover a broad range of areas and people's points of view as well.

5.2: Limitations

No research can be considered as perfect. Every research is accompanied by various shortcomings and gaps, which some other researchers further improve. This study also has some limitations, which are enlisted below:

· As a survey is utilized for the collection of data, the findings of the research are purely reported on people's perceptions and views about the research topic. These findings may contradict some literature findings.

· The sample size used in this small, so generalization of the research results to the overall population of a country or city is not right.

· As the research conducted by primary resources is unique, it is difficult to compare such findings to evaluate the results.

· It is very unlikely that every person involved in the survey possesses complete knowledge about our research study. So people may answer the survey questions based on personal experience rather than authentic information about the topic.

· The deductive approach includes a real representation of the data. It does not interpret the information collected from various people. So people may become biased towards some questions, which impact the overall findings of the study.

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MOHIUDDIN UNDERSTANDINGS

Thursday, 23 September 2021

IMPACT OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON THE TOURISM INDUSTRY OF KERALA, INDIA

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview